“ART BELONGS TO THE PEOPLE!” THE SOVIET CULTURAL POLICY AND ESTONIAN COMMUNITY HOUSES
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.55877/cc.vol9.153Keywords:
History of cultural policy, Estonian community houses, sovietizationAbstract
Estonian community houses were built in towns and the countryside by the local people, who had been joining cultural and other societies since the second half of the 19th century. These cultural centres supported the process of building the Estonian state. The space for culture became basis for the lifelong learning system of informal education, which later was regulated and developed according to the politics of culture and education in the Estonian nation-state (1918–40) and the Soviet Union (1940–91). After the invasion of the Baltic States by the Soviet Union in 1940, extensive restructuring or sovietization of the Estonian public administration, economy and culture began. The article examines the sovietization process of Estonian community houses, i.e., how they were turned into the ideological tools of Soviet totalitarian propaganda.Downloads
References
Aarelaid-Tart, A. (2006). Cultural Trauma and Life Stories. Kikimora Publications A. 15. Gummerus Printing, Vaajakoski. Pp. 192–193.
Arendt, H. (1985 [1948]). The Origins of Totalitarianism. A Harvest Book, New York, pp. 318–323.
Arendt, H. (1959). The Human Condition. New York: Doubleday.
Blackburn, S. (2002). Oxford Lexicon of Philosophy. Oxford University Press. Pp. 177.
Crow, G. (2007). Community. The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Sociology. Ed. G. Ritzer, Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 617–620.
Daugavietis, J. (2015). Amateur Arts in Latvia: Community Development and Cultural Policy. PhD Thesis, University of Latvia, Riga.
DiMaggio, P., Powell, W. (1983). The Iron Cage Revisited: Institutional Isomorphism and Collective Rationality in Organizational Fields. In: American Sociological Review, Volume 48, Issue 2 (Apr., 1983), 147–160.
Fitzpatrick, S. (1999). Everyday Stalinism. Ordinary life in extraordinary times: Soviet Russia in the 1930s. Oxford University Press. Pp. 226.
Gerlach, C. and Werth, N. (2009). State Violence – Violent Societies. In: Beyond Totalitarianism. Stalinism and Nazism Compared. Eds: Michael Geyer and Sheila Fitzpatrick. Cambridge University Press, p. 133–179.
Groys, B. (1998). Stalin – stiil. [Stalin-Style] In: Akadeemia. Nr 2. P. 427.
Hillmann Chartrand, H., Mc Caughey, C. (1989). The Arm’s Length Principle and the Arts: An International Perspective – Past, Present and Future..., 7–8.
Hoffmann, D. L. (2003). Stalinist Values. The Cultural Norms of Soviet Modernity [1917–1941]. Cornell University Press.
Hoffmann, D. L. (2011). Cultivating the Masses: The Modern Social State in Russia, 1914–1939. Cornell University Press.
Jansen, E. (2007). Estonians in the Changing World: From Estate Society to Civil Society. Eesti Ajaloo Arhiiv, Tartu.
Karjahärm, T. and Luts, H-M. (2005). Kultuurigenotsiid Eestis. Kunstnikud ja muusikud 1940–1953. [Cultural Genocide in Estonia. Artists and musicians from 1940–1953] Tallinn: Argo.
Karu, E. (1985). On the Development of the Association Movement and its SocioEconomic Background in the Estonian Countryside. In: Acta Universitatis Stockholmiensis – Studia Baltica Stockholmiensia. Stockholm, 2.
Kulbok-Lattik, E. (2008). Eesti kultuuripoliitika ajaloolisest periodiseerimisest. [On the Historical Periodization of Estonian Cultural Policy]. In: Acta Historica Tallinnensia, 12, 120–144.
Kulbok-Lattik, E. (2012). Estonian Community Houses as Local Tools for Development. – Nordisk Kulturpolitisk Tidsskrift. 2, 253–283. http://www.idunn.no/ts/nkt/2012/02/estonian_community_houses_as_local_tools_for_the_developmen
Kulbok-Lattik, Egge (2015). The Historical Formation and Development of Estonian Cultural Policy: Tracing the Development of Estonian Community Houses (Rahvamaja). Dissertation, University of Jyväskylä. file:///C:/Users/Envy/Downloads/978-951-39-6309-5_v%C3%A4it%C3%B6s17102015%20(3).pdf
Kurvits, A. (Ed). (1941). Bulletin of the People’s Commissariat of January 6, 1941. Author’s translation.
Kurvits, A. (Ed.) (1938). Eesti rahvaharidus ja kultuuriala korraldus. [Administration of Estonian Free Education and Culture] Haridusministeeriumi väljaanne, Tallinn.
Kurvits, A. (Ed.) (1940). Eesti rahvahariduse ja kultuuriala seaduste, määruste, ringkirjade ja juhendite süstemaatiline üldjuht [Systematic Guide to Acts, Regulations, Circular Letters and Guidelines on Estonian National Education and Culture]. Haridusministeeriumi väljaanne, Tallinn.
Kuuli, O. (2007). Stalini aja võimukaader ja kultuurijuhid Eesti NSV-s (1940–1954).
[Stalin-era Cadres in Power and Cultural Administrators in the Estonian SSR (1940–1954)] Tallinn.
Laar, Mart (2006). Äratajad: rahvuslik ärkamisaeg Eestis 19. sajandil ja selle kandjad.
[The Awakeners: National Awakening in the nineteenth century Estonia and its Mediators] Tallinn: Grenader.
Linz, J. J. (2000). Totalitarian and Authoritarian Regimes, pp. 70.
Medvedjev, A., Hlõstov, F. (1954). Külanõukogude kultuurharidustöö. [Cultural Educational Work of Local Administrations in the Villages] Eesti Riiklik Kirjastus. Tallinn, 10.
Mertelsmann, O. (2012). Everyday Life in Stalinist Estonia. Tartu Historical Studies Volume 2. Ed by E. Medijainen and O. Mertelsmann. Peter Lang Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften.
Rahi-Tamm, Aigi (2004). Teise Maailmasõja järgsed massirepressioonid Eestis: allikad ja uurimisseis. 147 [Mass Repressions in Estonia after World War II: Current State of Research] PhD thesis, Tartu University.
Raud, R. (2013). What is Culture? Introduction into the Theories of Culture. Tallinn University Press, pp. 430.
Raun, T. (2009). The Estonian Engagement with Modernity: The Role of Young Estonia in the Diversification of Political and Social Thought. In: Tuna, [Magazine Past], Special issue on history of Estonia of National Archives Tartu-Tallinn. http://www.digar.ee/arhiiv/en/download_all/76914
Ray, L. (2007). Civil Society. In: G. Ritzer (Ed) The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Sociology. Malden, Oxford, Carlton, Blackwell Publishing, pp. 512–513.
Slezkine, Y. (1994). The USSR as a Communal Apartment, or How a Socialist State promoted Ethnic Particularism. In: Slavic Review, Vol. 53, No. 2, 447.
Smith, B. L, Lasswell H. D., and Ralph D. Casey (1946). Propaganda, Communication, and Public Opinion: A Comprehensive Reference Guide. Princeton: Princeton University Press, pp. vii, 435.
Uljas, J. (1987). Rahvamajad Eestis, (1987). 1920–1940. [Community Houses in
Estonia, 1920–1940] Sagris, H. (Ed.) Vilde nim Tallinna Pedagoogiline Instituut. Tallinn. Pp. 19, 28.
Warshovsky Lapidus, G. (1984 ). Ethnonationalism and Political Stability: The Soviet Case. In: World Politics, Vol. 36, No. 4 (Jul.). Cambridge University Press, 555–580.
Wiselgrad, P. (1942). Fran Hammaren till Hakkorset. Estland 1939–1941. Stockholm: Ide och Form Förlag, 105.
Zubkova, J. (2007). Problematic Zone: Peculiarities of Sovietization in the Baltic States During the Post-War Period in 1944–1952, In: Tannberg, T. (Ed.) Soviet Estonia 1944–1953: Mechanisms and Consequences of sovietization in Estonia in the context of development of Soviet Union and Eat-Europe. Tartu.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Culture Crossroads
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
